References for Amalgam and Mercury From Evolve Dental Healing Brisbane Holistic Dentist

Evolve Dental Healing Brisbane Holistic Dentist provides safe amalgam removal services as part of our approach to holistic dentistry. During numerous artilces and blogs Dr Rachel Hall dentist refers to the issues pertaining to silver amalgam fillings and mercury. This page contains a list of scientific references and citations that have been sourced in forumlating the opinion that mercury fillings pose a risk to health and wellbeing.

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Bernhoft, R. A. (2011). Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012. Camisa, C., Taylor, J. S., Bernat Jr, J. R., & Helm, T. N. (1999). Contact hypersensitivity to mercury in amalgam restorations may mimic oral lichen planus. Cutis, 63(3), 189-192. Clarkson, T. W., Magos, L., & Myers, G. J. (2003). The toxicology of mercury—current exposures and clinical manifestations. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(18), 1731-1737. Clarkson, T.W. and Magos, L. (2006). The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 36(8), 609-662. Echeverria, D., Aposhian, H. V., Woods, J. S., Heyer, N. J., Aposhian, M. M., Bittner, A. C., Mahurin, R.K. & Cianciola, M. (1998). Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam Hgo: new distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden. The FASEB Journal, 12(11), 971-980. Health Canada. (1996). The Safety of Dental Amalgam. Retrieved from Health Canada Web site http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/md-im/dent_amalgam-eng.pdf Kall, J., Robertson, K., Sukel, P., Just, A. (2016a). International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT) Position Statement against Dental Mercury Amalgam Fillings for Medical and Dental Practitioners, Dental Students, Dental Patients, and Policy Makers. ChampionsGate, FL: IAOMT. Kall, J., Just, A., Aschner, M. (2016b). What is the risk? Dental amalgam, mercury exposure, and human health risks throughout the lifespan (Chapter 7). Epigenetics, the Environment, and Children’s Health across Lifespans. David J. Hollar, ed. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 159-206. Klassen CD, editor. (2008). Casarette & Doull’s Toxicology (7th Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 949. Lorscheider, F. L., Vimy, M. J., & Summers, A. O. (1995). Mercury exposure from” silver” tooth fillings: emerging evidence questions a traditional dental paradigm. The FASEB Journal, 9(7), 504-508. Magos, L., & Clarkson, T. W. (2006). Overview of the clinical toxicity of mercury. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 43(4), 257-268. Rice, K. M., Walker, E. M., Wu, M., Gillette, C., & Blough, E. R. (2014). Environmental mercury and its toxic effects. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 47(2), 74-83. Richardson, G. M., Wilson, R., Allard, D., Purtill, C., Douma, S., & Graviere, J. (2011). Mercury exposure and risks from dental amalgam in the US population, post-2000. Science of the Total Environment, 409(20), 4257-4268. Risher JF. (2003). Elemental mercury and inorganic mercury compounds: human health aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 50. Geneva, Switzerland: Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization. Rooney, J. P. (2014). The retention time of inorganic mercury in the brain—A systematic review of the evidence. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 274(3), 425-435. Rothwell, J. A., & Boyd, P. J. (2008). Amalgam dental fillings and hearing loss. International Journal of Audiology, 47(12), 770-776. Syversen, T., & Kaur, P. (2012). The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 26(4), 215-226. United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (02/09/1994). Hazard Communication. Publication Type: Final Rules; Fed Register #: 59:6126-6184; Standard Number: 1910.1200; 1915.1200; 1917.28; 1918.90; 1926.59. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (Last updated January 15, 2016). Health effects of exposure to mercury: elemental (metallic) mercury effects. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/mercury/health-effects-exposures-mercury#metallic World Health Organization. (2005). Mercury in Health Care: Policy Paper. 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Dental practice-based research network restorative material: Findings from the characteristics associated with type of practitioner, patient and carious lesion. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011; 142: 622-632. 7 Simececk JW, Diefenderfer KE, Cohen ME. An evaluation of replacement rates for posterior resin-based composite and amalgam restorations in U.S. Navy and Marine recruits. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 140 (2): 207. 8 Health Canada. The Safety of Dental Amalgam. 1996: 3. Available from Health Canada Web site: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfbdgpsa/pdf/md-im/dent_amalgam-eng.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 9 United Nations Environment Programme. Minamata Convention on Mercury: Text and Annexes. 2013: 48. Available from UNEP’s Minamata Convention on Mercury Web site: http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Portals/11/documents/Booklets/Minamata%20Convention%20on%20Mercury_booklet_English.p df. Accessed December 15, 2015. 10 Ministry of the Environment, Norway. Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim: Bans mercury in products [Press release]. 2007 December 21. Available from Government of Norway Web site: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Bans-mercury-in-products/id495138/. Accessed December 15, 2015. 11 Swedish Chemicals Agency. The Swedish Chemicals Agency’s chemical products and biotechnical organisms regulations. (KIFS 2 The Toxic Effects of Dental Amalgam; 2016; www.iaomt.org Page 12 28 Björkman L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Ekstrand J. Mercury in saliva and feces after removal of amalgam fillings. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1997; 144(1):156-62. Abstract available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X9798128X. Accessed December 15, 2015. 29 Larose P. Position Paper. IAOMT Environmental Committee; 2011. Available from IAOMT Web site: https://iaomt.org/wp-content/uploads/article_02- 03-Environment.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 30 Skare I, Engqvist A. Human exposure to mercury and silver released from dental amalgam restorations. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 1994; 49(5): 392-3. 31 Skare I, Engqvist A. Human exposure to mercury and silver released from dental amalgam restorations. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 1994; 49(5): 392-3. 32 Silbernagel SM, Carpenter DO, Gilbert SG, Gochfeld M, Groth E, Hightower JM, Schiavone FM. Recognizing and preventing overexposure to methylmercury from fish and seafood consumption: information for physicians. Journal of Toxicology. 2011. Available from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jt/2011/983072/. Accessed December 15, 2015. 33 Hylander LD, Goodsite ME. Environmental costs of mercury pollution. Science of the Total Environment. 2006; 368(1):366. 34 United Nations Environment Programme. Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP Chemicals Branch; 2013: 10. Available from UNEP Web site. http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/GlobalMercuryAssessment2013.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 35 Ziff S, Ziff MF. Dental mercury—an environmental hazard: other sources of dental mercury environmental contamination. BioProbe Newsletter. September 1992; 8(5):4. Available from: http://www.keytoxins.com/hgbiblio-files/ziffs/bioprobe/Bioprobe_1992_Sept_Volume8_Issue5.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 36 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra, UK). Mercury Emissions from Crematoria. Consultation on an Assessment by the Environment Agency’s Local Authority Unit. 2003: 2. 37 National Funeral Directors Association. What impact will the EPA Clean Air Act rule have on crematories? June 2013 Update. Available from National Funeral Directors Association Web site: http://nfda.org/additional-tools-cremation/2631-what-impact-will-the-new-epa-proposal-have-on-crematories.html. Accessed December 15, 2015. 38 Christiansen P, Larson M. Mercury removal prior to cremation: a collaboration of dentistry and mortuary science to prevent environmental contamination. Available from: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mercury+removal+prior+to+cremation%3A+a+collaboration+of+dentistry+and…-a0216339047. Accessed December 15, 2015. 39 Culross M. Lawsuit alleges East Oakland air too polluted to allow crematorium. 5 KPIX CBS San Francisco. 2013 December 12. Available from: http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2013/12/12/lawsuit-alleges-east-oakland-air-too-polluted-to-allow-crematorium/. Accessed December 15, 2015. 40 Chea T. Cremation pollution?: neighbors nervous. MSNBC and Associated Press. 2007 January 16. Available from MSNBC Web site: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16656749/ns/us_news-environment/t/cremation-pollution-neighbors-nervous/. Accessed December 15, 2015. 41 Cited as American Dental Hygienists’ Association. Dental characteristics of the older adult. Available at http://www.adha.org/CE_courses/course11/ characteristics.htm. Accessed Apr. 2009. in Christiansen P, Larson M. Mercury removal prior to cremation: a collaboration of dentistry and mortuary science to prevent environmental contamination. Available from: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mercury+removal+prior+to+cremation%3A+a+collaboration+of+dentistry+and…-a0216339047. Accessed December 15, 2015. 42 Mari M, Domingo JL. Toxic emissions from crematories: a review. Environment international. 2010; 36(1):137. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Montse_Mari/publication/26888045_Toxic_emissions_from_crematories_a_review/links/54353dc70cf2dc341dafb6d6.p df. Accessed December 15, 2015. 43 Hylander LD, Goodsite ME. Environmental costs of mercury pollution. Science of the Total Environment. 2006; 368(1):366. 44 Stone ME, Cohen ME, Debban BA. Mercury vapor levels in exhaust air from dental vacuum systems. Dental Materials. 2007; 23(5):527-32. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564106000881. Accessed December 15, 2015. 45 Rubin PG, Yu MH. Mercury vapor in amalgam waste discharged from dental office vacuum units. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 1996; 51(4):335-7. Abstract available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00039896.1996.9936036. Accessed December 15, 2015. 46 Stone ME, Cohen ME, Debban BA. Mercury vapor levels in exhaust air from dental vacuum systems. Dental Materials. 2007; 23(5):527-32. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564106000881. Accessed December 15, 2015. 47 Rubin PG, Yu MH. Mercury vapor in amalgam waste discharged from dental office vacuum units. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 1996; 51(4):335-7. Abstract available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00039896.1996.9936036. Accessed December 15, 2015. 48 Khwaja MA, Abbasi MS, Mehmood F, Jahangir S. Study of high levels indoor air mercury contamination from mercury amalgam use in dentistry. Sci. Tech. and Dev. 2014; 33 (2): 94. 49 Many scientific studies support this fact, but one example of this being reported from a reputable government agency is Health Canada. The Safety of Dental Amalgam. 1996: 4. Available from Health Canada Web site: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/md-im/dent_amalgameng.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 50 Al-Saleh I, Al-Sedairi A. Mercury (Hg) burden in children: The impact of dental amalgam. Sci Total Environ. 2011; 409(16):3003-3015. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711004359. Accessed December 16, 2015. 51 Barregård L. Biological monitoring of exposure to mercury vapor. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 1993:45-9. Available from: http://www.sjweh.fi/download.php?abstract_id=1532&%3Bfile_nro=1&origin=publication_detail. Accessed December 18, 2015. 52 Boyd ND, Benediktsson H, Vimy MJ, Hooper DE, Lorscheider FL. Mercury from dental “silver” tooth fillings impairs sheep kidney function. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261(4 Pt 2):R1010-4. Abstract available from: http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/261/4/R1010.short. Accessed December 16, 2015. 53 Danscher G, Hørsted-Bindslev P, Rungby J. Traces of mercury in organs from primates with amalgam fillings. Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 1990; 52(3):291-9. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001448009090070T. Accessed December 18, 2015. 54 Fredin B. The distribution of mercury in various tissues of guinea-pigs after application of dental amalgam fillings (a pilot study). Sci Total Environ. 1987; 66: 263-268. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969787900933. Accessed December 16, 2015. 55 Fredin B, Krabisch L. In vitro investigation of the possible influence of inorganic mercury and hydrogen peroxide on the formation of peroxides in a polyunsaturated fatty acid system (linoleic acid). The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 1992; 4(1):19-25. Abstract available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23511174. Accessed December 18, 2015. The Toxic Effects of Dental Amalgam; 2016; www.iaomt.org Page 13 56 Godfrey ME, Wojcik DP, Krone CA. Apolipoprotein E genotyping as a potential biomarker for mercury neurotoxicity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2003; 5(3):189- 195. Abstract available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12897404. Accessed December 17, 2015. 57 Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Vimy MJ, Takahashi Y, Lorscheider FL. Dental” silver” tooth fillings: a source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis. The FASEB Journal. 1989; 3(14):2641-6. Available from: http://www.fasebj.org/content/3/14/2641.full.pdf. Accessed December 18, 2015. 58 Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Leininger RW, Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental fillings into monkey tissues. The FASEB Journal. 1990; 4(14):3256-60. 59 Haley BE. Mercury toxicity: genetic susceptibility and synergistic effects. Medical Vertias. 2005; 2(2): 535-542. Hanson M, Pleva J. The dental amalgam issue. A review. Experientia. 1991; 47(1):9-22. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaro_Pleva/publication/21157262_The_dental_amalgam_issue._A_review/links/00b7d513fabdda29fa000000.pdf. Accessed December 18, 2015. 60 Krausß P, Deyhle M, Maier KH, Roller E, Weiß HD, Clédon P. Field study on the mercury content of saliva. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 1997; 63, (1-4):29-46. Abstract available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02772249709358515#.VnM7_PkrIgs. Accessed December 16, 2015. 61 Martin MD, Naleway C, Chou HN. Factors contributing to mercury exposure in dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995; 126(11):1502-1511. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002817715607851. Accessed December 16, 2015. 62 Molin M, Bergman B, Marklund SL, Schütz A, Skerfving S. Mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase before and after amalgam removal in man. Acta Odontologica. 1990;48(3):189-202. Abstract available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016359009005875?journalCode=iode20. Accessed December 18, 2015. 63 Mortada WL, Sobh MA, El-Defrawi, MM, Farahat SE. Mercury in dental restoration: is there a risk of nephrotoxity? J Nephrol. 2002; 15(2): 171-176. Abstract available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12018634. Accessed December 16, 2015. 64 Redhe O, Pleva J. Recovery of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and from allergy after removal of dental amalgam fillings. Int J Risk & Safety in Med. 1994; 4(3): 229-236. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaro_Pleva/publication/235899060_Recovery_from_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_from_allergy_after_removal_o f_dental_amalgam_fillings/links/0fcfd513f4c3e10807000000.pdf. Accessed December 16, 2015. 65 Richardson GM. Inhalation of mercury-contaminated particulate matter by dentists: an overlooked occupational risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2003; 9(6): 1519-1531. Abstract available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10807030390251010#.VnNn0vkrIgs. Accessed December 17, 2015. 66 Richardson GM, Brecher RW, Scobie H, Hamblen J, Samuelian J, Smith C. Mercury vapour (Hg(0)): Continuing toxicological uncertainties, and establishing a Canadian reference exposure level. Regul Toxicol Pharmicol. 2009; 53(1):32-38. Abstract available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230008002304. Accessed December 17, 2015. 67 Snapp KR, Boyer DB, Peterson LC, Svare CW. The contribution of dental amalgam to mercury in blood. Journal of Dental Research. 1989; 68(5):780-5. Abstract available from: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/68/5/780.short. Accessed December 18, 2015. 68 Summers AO, Wireman J, Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL, Marshall B, Levy SB, Bennet S, Billard L. Mercury released from dental ‘silver’ fillings provokes an increase in mercury- and antibiotic- resistant bacteria in oral and intestinal flora of primates. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother. 1993; 37(4): 825-834. Available from http://aac.asm.org/content/37/4/825.full.pdf. Accessed December 16, 2015. 69 Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Clinical Science Intra-oral Air Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam. Journal of Dental Research. 1985; 64(8):1069-71. Abstract available from: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/64/8/1069.short. Accessed December 17, 2015. 70 Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Serial measurements of intra-oral air mercury: estimation of daily dose from dental amalgam. Journal of Dental Research. 1985; 64(8):1072-5. Abstract available from: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/64/8/1072.short. Accessed December 17, 2015. 71 Scientific studies support this fact, but one example of this being reported from a reputable U.S. environmental group State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Fillings: the choices you have: mercury amalgam and other filling materials [brochure]. 2006: 3. Available from Connecticut’s Official State Web site: http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/mercury/gen_info/fillings_brochure.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 72 Scientific studies support this fact, but another example of this being reported from a reputable U.S. environmental group is Advisory Committee on Mercury Pollution. Dental amalgam fillings: environmental and health facts for dental patients [dental fact sheet]. 2010: 1. Available from the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Mercury Education & Reduction Campaign Web site: http://www.mercvt.org/PDF/DentalAmalgamFactSheet.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 73 Dunn JE, Trachtenberg FL, Barregard L, Bellinger D, McKinlay S. Scalp hair and urine mercury content of children in the Northeast United States: the New England Children’s Amalgam Trial. Environmental Research. 2008; 107(1):79-88. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2464356/. Accessed December 17, 2015. 74 Isacsson G, Barregård L, Seldén A, Bodin L. Impact of nocturnal bruxism on mercury uptake from dental amalgams. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1997; 105(3):251-7. Abstract available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00208.x/abstract. Accessed December 17, 2015. 75 Sällsten G, Thoren J, Barregård L, Schütz A, Skarping G. Long-term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Journal of Dental Research. 1996; 75(1):594-8. Abstract available from: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/75/1/594.short. Accessed December 17, 2015. 76 Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Clinical Science Intra-oral Air Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam. Journal of Dental Research. 1985; 64(8):1069-71. Abstract available from: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/64/8/1069.short. Accessed December 17, 2015. 77 Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Serial measurements of intra-oral air mercury: estimation of daily dose from dental amalgam. Journal of Dental Research. 1985; 64(8):1072-5. Abstract available from: http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/64/8/1072.short. Accessed December 17, 2015. 78 Health Canada. The Safety of Dental Amalgam. 1996: 4. Available from Health Canada Web site: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfbdgpsa/pdf/md-im/dent_amalgam-eng.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015. 79 Karahalil B, Rahravi H, Ertas N. Examination of urinary mercury levels in dentists in Turkey. 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Evaluation of mercury contamination in patients and water during amalgam removal. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2014; 15(2):165. Abstract available from: http://search.proquest.com/openview/c9e4c284ca7b3fd3779621692411875c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar. Accessed December 18, 2015. 84 Richardson GM. Inhalation of mercury-contaminated particulate matter by dentists: an overlooked occupational risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2003; 9(6): 1519-1531. 85 Warwick R, O Connor A, Lamey B. Sample size = 25 for each mercury vapor exposure during dental student training in amalgam removal. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2013; 8(1):27. Available from: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/203/art%253A10.1186%252F1745-6673-8- 27.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Foccup-med.biomedcentral.com%2Farticle%2F10.1186%2F1745-6673-8- 27&token2=exp=1450380047~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F203%2Fart%25253A10.1186%25252F1745-6673-8- 27.pdf*~hmac=6ae07046977e264c2d8d25ff12a5600a2b3d4b4f5090fbff92ce459bd389326d. 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Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim: Bans mercury in products [Press release]. Retrieved from Government of Norway Web site: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/Bans-mercury-in-products/id495138/. 90 Swedish Chemicals Agency. (2008). The Swedish Chemicals Agency’s chemical products and biotechnical organisms regulations. (KIFS 2008: 2 in English, consolidated up to KIFS 2012: 3). 91 BIO Intelligence Service. (2012). Study on the potential for reducing mercury pollution from dental amalgam and batteries. Final Report prepared for the European Commission- DG ENV. Retrieved from the European Commission Web site: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/mercury/pdf/final_report_110712.pdf. 92 Health and Environment Alliance and Health Care without Harm. (2007, May). Mercury and dental amalgams [Fact sheet]. 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Kenmore Holistic Dentist Dr Rachel Hall of Evolve Dental Healing Brisbane trusts that you have found these references to be supportive.